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Revised Short Story – The Receiver

The Receiver
by Tom Filecco
tf@sdf.org
Copyright 2022
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

3Z3438
KEY J-38
1 EACH 3272-P-52-02
MCELROY MFG. CORP.
LITTLETON, MASS.
DATE PACKED 9 / 52
METHOD O

The little brown box taunted him from its perch atop the old Hallicrafters at the antique store. He heard stories about them, the aether surfers, communicators from the outer regions who used archaic electromagnetic methods to reach one another outside normal channels. And sitting there right in front of him was a piece of their kit. He wondered what strange signals he might be able to receive from the Outlands, and if he could go all the way and actually participate with them. He pulled the two items off the shelf, brought them to the counter, asked if there was anything else like it in the store. The owner gave him a knowing look, went to a shelf, pulled a thick digest-sized tome from its perch, and handed it to him. ARRL Handbook it said on the cover. He took all three items. The Hallicrafters barely fit on his bike rack. He wrapped it carefully in a camouflage army poncho. The J-38 Key and ARRL Handbook went into his knapsack, another military relic, canvas, circa World War II. He mounted his old Schwin and went home.

His parents were Neo-Luddites, a reactionary movement started in the early 21st Century against the constant digitization and connectivity of humanity in “developed” countries. Some obscure niche writer created it. Their battle cry, if it could be called that, was one simple word: “analog.” They sought out implements and devices that were not equipped with microprocessors, and often preferred the mechanical to the electric. They had no Internet connection, instead preferring to browse used bookstores. Bookshelves lined the walls of their home. An old tube-style RCA TV graced the living room, thin flat black cable snaking out the back and up to the roof where an antenna was pointed at the local PBS station. His family’s only concession to the digital world was a converter box that they had to buy when analog TV broadcasts were discontinued. If there wasn’t a PBS station within reception range, the old TV would have likely became parts in his father’s workshop. His father’s library contained books on microprocessor design from the late 20th Century. They were artifacts from a previous career before finding religion. The boy thinks his new receiver will be a welcome addition to the home.

He gets off his bike, unwraps the poncho from around the radio, and walks in. His father is inside reading the newspaper. He notices the old Hallicrafters, smiles, and starts speaking.

“Your granddad was a ham radio operator. I got into computers instead, went to college, and worked for IBM. Let’s haul that boatanchor inside your room, and get it set up. I think we can find the stuff for an antenna in the shed.”

Despite its age, the address in the book remained unchanged. Two or three weeks later, a thick manila envelope arrived from the Newington, Connecticut. He studied his old ARRL Handbook, and called the contact of his local ham radio club. They would be having a test in a month and a half. He hoped he would have enough time to study. Being home-schooled, his parents added electronics to his curriculum. Knowing full well that it also encompassed such topics as physics and mathematics. The old Hallicrafters was used to enhance his education in social studies and geography.

He arrived that Saturday morning ten minutes before the appointed time. The old gentleman in the safety orange jacket looked at his birth certificate and took his test fee. He sat down at the table among about a half-dozen other geeks, and was given his test. He looks at the test and confusion sets in as only a couple of the questions looked like they were from his book. He flagged the gentleman in the orange jacket over. “Sir,” he started, “None of these questions look like they’re from my book.” He received a look of disbelief. “The questions are all from the test pool.” orange jacket replied. “What book were you studying?” The boy reaches into his backpack and pulls out the old ARRL Handbook. “You studied out of this?” The boy nods in the affirmative. The old-timer looks pensive for a moment. “Give me a minute.” After consulting with his fellow examiners, the old-timer returns with a nostalgic look on his face as he addresses the boy.

“That book is great for teaching you real ham radio, and building radios from scratch. It’s also pretty much useless for helping you pass a ham test. Since my friends and I got our tickets from back when you studied that book to take the test, we’re gonna make an exception for this time. We’re gonna ask you a few questions, and if we like the answers, we’re gonna make like you passed all three tests. Just do us a favor, don’t tell anyone, and learn all the up to date rules so you don’t get in trouble.”

An hour later, the boy walked out of the building with a certificate saying he passed all three Amateur Radio tests, and a more recent copy of the ARRL Handbook. The examiners would fondly recall this particular testing session for the rest of their lives.

There were probably some decided advantages to working with a text that dated back to the LBJ administration. Equipment was definitely more homebrew and DIY back then. Hobbyists were expected to build their own gear and maybe even some test equipment. With a well-written and authoritative text as a guide, there were no worries of self-appointed “experts” telling you that you were doing it wrong. Now the boy was ready to go build himself a transmitter.

Armed with a shopping list of pieces and parts, the boy walked into the old TV repair shop looking to build his first CW transmitter to go with the Hallicrafters. He thought it was amazing that such a place still existed in the age of planned obsolescence throw-away consumption devices, but there it was. He handed the owner his list. The owner looked at it, knitted his brows, and looked at the boy. “Nobody builds or fixes things any more.” the owner said. The boy replied “I do.” The owner led him to the back of the shop to a shelf of old tubes and TV parts. “See what you can find here.” the owner said. “I’ll probably be closed for good in a month of two. You better take anything you think you might need. The cost for your parts is Ten Bucks, cash.” The owner gestured towards the back door of the shop. “There are some empty boxes over there if you need any.” The boy started searching through the shelves, filling boxes full of radio parts and tubes. He came across a radio in a yellow metal case, marked with a red, white, and blue “CD” logo and a badge bearing name Gonset. He asked the owner “How much for the radio?” The owner replied “That’ll be another Ten Bucks.”

The boy walked out of the old TV shop with enough parts to build at least two shortwave transmitters, and with a radio that he could use for talking on the local nets. He knew some of the old time ham radio operators still used Gooney Boxes to talk among themselves at night. He had so much stuff he couldn’t fit it on his bike and needed to call his dad to pick him up. As it turned out, it only took him a year to go through his parts stash, and he quickly gained the status as the youngest ham in the county who home-brewed his station.

Posted in amateur radio, military history, Shortwave

The Hallicrafters SX-25 In World War II Service

On Memorial Day, 2019 I was volunteering as a living historian for the American Veterans Historical Museum during their annual display at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Home and Library in Hyde Park, New York. I specialize in World War II to Cold War era military communications electronics and test equipment, and curate a small collection of artifacts, ephemera, and memorabilia during events throughout the year. On that day, I was approached by a visitor who wished to make a donation for my displays. The visitor was the daughter of a U.S. Army Signal Corps officer who served in the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, better known historically as “The Ghost Army.” The Ghost Army was tasked during the Second World War with tactical deception operations in the European Theater of Operations. The lady donated a small assortment of ephemera that belonged to her late father during his time in military service.

Among the ephemera donated was a 1941 dated photograph of a radio communications receiver identified as a Hallicrafters model SX-25. The SX-25 was first manufactured in 1940 just before the United States entry into the war and was considered state-of-the-art equipment at the time. It was unknown if this receiver was a personally owned item, or military issue.

Among historians, in particular living historians, attempting to portray an individual from a particular timeframe, or historians assembling a display from a particular timeframe, accuracy is essential to provide as realistic a depiction of the timeframe in question. Historians also strive to include donated artifacts in their displays as a means of thanking the donors and showing their appreciation for the gift. In the case of this donation, the donor’s late father was a member of a historically significant military unit from the Second World War, and an artifact from said donation provided a piece of data for which I was unable to find any evidence of prior research. Those two facts alone would be enough impetus for a historian to start working in order to accurately and realistically incorporate the donation into a future display.

In a conversation with historian Bob Allison of the Vintage Radio and Communications Museum of Connecticut, Mr. Allison mentioned how during the Second World War many military officers purchased communications receivers for personal use (Allison Interview). This is confirmed, albeit almost 50 years later, by my own experience. When I was on active duty during the beginning of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1990, I purchased a shortwave radio receiver in order to stay apprised of current affairs when domestic news coverage was found to be lacking. Regardless of the SX-25’s official status, two facts are certain. The first is that it is apparent that the receiver was significant enough to the officer that it warranted being photographed. The second is that the receiver appears in some historical context, however small, related to the U.S. Army Signal Corps during the Second World War, and is therefore a worthy topic of research.

Hallicrafters was one of the first defense manufacturers of the Second World War, and their contribution to the war effort in the production of communications equipment is well documented. What is not well documented is the status of the Hallicrafters SX-25 as a military issue item. I posit that despite the lack of official documentation, the Hallicrafters SX-25 saw military service during the Second World War in a secondary or auxiliary role.

The role of Hallicrafters and the use of their products by the United States military during the Second World War is beyond dispute. Historian Chuck Dachis, the radio hobby’s recognized expert on the company and its products, wrote that “There was a shortage of military radio equipment and tremendous government demand for electronic equipment of all types. Many of the existing Hallicrafters products and designs were pressed into military service” (Dachis 9). During the war, Hallicrafters advertised their status as a manufacturer of radio communications equipment for the U.S. military and solicited service members to write about their experiences working with Hallicrafters military equipment (Radio). The Hallicrafters SX-25 was introduced in 1940 and produced until 1945 (Dachis 40). That places the production period of the receiver right at the time of U.S. involvement in the war. With the years of introduction and production coinciding closely with the year of entry into the war, combined with the early wartime stop-gap issuance of any suitable receiver design into military service, there is a strong argument towards the use of the SX-25 into military service. Further evidence however is still required for one to be certain.

One of the earliest pieces of potential evidence I encountered regarding the SX-25’s service as a military radio is a film. The United States Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit produced a training film, Resisting Enemy Interrogation, directed by Robert B. Sinclair. The SX-25 makes a cameo in the film as a prop used by the antagonists in the film (Sinclair). The film provides evidence that the SX-25 was procured by at least one element of the United States military, but still leaves the question of whether it was a general issue item. The United States Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit had a specialized function, and as a result would have been able to procure items outside regular channels in order to accomplish their mission.

The SX-25 did not just appear on the big screen. During the Second World War the U.S. Army Signal Corps used an image of a Hallicrafters SX-25 as an element in a recruiting advertisement, shown in Illustration 2 (U.S. Army). This advertisement was aimed at young men who possessed knowledge in radio and electronics. The SX-25’s presence as a prop in an official recruiting advertisement lends further credence to the SX-25’s status as a military-issue radio.

The most compelling piece of positive evidence collected by the author is an official U.S. Army photograph of a Signal Corps repair depot in Iceland during World War 2. This photograph, shown in Illustration appeared in the December 1943 issue of Radio magazine and identifies the repair depot’s radio receiver as a Hallicrafters SX-25 “used for the reception of vital information at the depot” (Radio 50). While a documented official photograph helps support an argument towards its status in military service, there should also be further supporting documentation that would define a particular item as official military issue.

The preceding evidence, despite its compelling nature, is actually of secondary veracity, and does nothing to decisively cement the status of the Hallicrafters as an official piece of military issue equipment. The receiver’s appearance among the personal effects in the living quarters of a soldier belonging to a specialized unit, its appearance in a training film, its use in an advertisement, and even its appearance in an official US Army Signal Corps photograph leave out one piece of data that is considered the primary source of authority on all things military issue.

There is a singular piece of data that will without a shadow of a doubt prove an electronic communication device’s status as official military issue. That item is a designation in the Joint Army-Navy Nomenclature System (JAN), now known as the Joint Electronics Type Designation System. Under this system, an item is giving a unique designator for identification (Mote). Once a piece of equipment is given a designator, an entire logistics chain is attached to the equipment/designator combination. Among other items in the chain is the creation of official operation and maintenance documentation for said piece of equipment. The existence of a JAN designator and operation/maintenance documentation would be the definitive evidence of a receiver’s status as an official issue item.

Hallicrafters was known for producing official issue items that were given a JAN designator in World War II. Among receivers, the Hallicrafters SX-28A, introduced in 1944, was adopted by the US Military and given the JAN designator of AN/GRR-2 (Dachis 42). The SX-25, if it were official issue, would have been given a similar designator starting with “AN/GRR.” Technical manuals would be written detailing the proper operation and maintenance for the soldiers responsible for working with and on a particular piece of equipment. Other technical manuals would be written cataloging the equipment being used by military forces. This documentation would further cement the status of a piece of equipment as an item of official issue.

I first consulted a World War II vintage War Department Technical Manual that would have provided evidence of the SX-25 receiver’s status as an official issue item. The 1944 TM 11-227 Signal Communication Equipment Directory – Radio Communication Equipment is “a condensation and compilation of data pertaining to Signal Corps radio communication equipment” (War Dept. preface). TM 11-227 documents the existence of electronic communications equipment in service as of the date of its publication. After consulting TM 11-227, I was unable to locate any mention of the SX-25 in the content of the manual. 

I then searched for evidence regarding the status of the SX-25 in the 1945 War Department Field Manual FM 21-6 List Of Publications For Training. This manual was created to “provide a list and index of War Department training publications” (War Dept. 4). As with TM 11-227, I was unable to locate any mention of the SX-25 in the text. It should be noted that I did find other commercial radios manufactured by both Hallicrafters and other companies that were granted a JAN designator and noted as official issue. The civilian identity of these radios was easy to determine, so it stands to reason that the SX-25, if given a JAN designator, would also been easy to locate in the documentation. This lack of evidence argues heavily towards the Hallicrafters SX-25 Communications Receiver not being an official issue item of electronics equipment.

The SX-25 lacks a JAN designator. It also lacks a citation in TM 11-227 and lacks evidence of documentation in FM 21-6. These three items provide compelling evidence that the Hallicrafters SX-25 Communications Receiver was not an official issue military radio during the Second World War. This data, however, does not preclude instances of the Hallicrafters SX-25 being used in military service, in particular by units with a specialized mission. The lack of a JAN designator also does not rule out a particular piece of equipment being used as a stop-gap measure during the early stages of a conflict before the supply chain can provide official issue material.

In addition to documentation showing a Hallicrafters SX-25 in the possession of a Signal Corps officer assigned to the highly specialized 23rd Headquarters Special Troops “Ghost Army”, it also makes three other documented appearances in official US Army media. It makes the appearance in a recruiting advertisement for the US Army Signal Corps. It has a cameo in a film produced United States Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit. It lastly appears as a piece of equipment in an official US Army Signal Corps photo of a repair depot, and is specifically mention by name. Given this evidence, despite the lack of official documentation, the Hallicrafters SX-25 saw military service during the Second World War in a secondary or auxiliary role.

While the Hallicrafters SX-25 saw military service during the Second World War in a secondary or auxiliary role, this may not have been the case regarding the artifact that prompted this paper. The particular SX-25 shown in the illustration appears to be situated between two bunks. That places it in a barracks or junior officers living quarters. When this item of data is combined with the 1941 year of the picture, the 1940 year of introduction for this model, and the historical fact that the United States did not enter World War II until late in the year on December 8th, 1941, I believe that this particular SX-25 was a personal radio belonging to the officer.

One universal task of all historians, professional or amateur, is to properly document and preserve the past so it may be used as a learning tool for future generations. To achieve this end, the historian often engages in research. This research may be in regard to a minor, seemingly unimportant, but previously untouched matter such as a seemingly mundane artifact. Whatever the research might be, it helps fill in one more piece of the puzzle that is the past. If said research enables the historian to assemble an informative and educational presentation, then all the more to help the historian educate and perhaps enlighten the public. As a result of this research, I will be displaying the ephemera along with a collection of related artifacts at the Franklin D. Roosevelt home and library on Memorial Day, 2022. A Hallicrafters SX-25 will be the centerpiece of that display.

Works Cited

Allison, Bob. Personal interview. 2 Apr. 2022.

Dachis, Chuck. Radios by Hallicrafters®. Schiffer Publishing, 1999.

Hallicrafters. Advertisment. Radio, Dec. 1943, pg. 4.

Meuleman, M L. “This Month.” Radio, Dec. 1943, pp. 50–50.

Mote, Ray. “World War Two Nomenclature Systems.” Wayback Machine, Electric Radio Magazine, 6 Jan. 1994, http://web.archive.org/web/20160303174230/www.hypertools.com/nomenclature.html.

Sinclair, Robert B., director. Resisting Enemy Interrogation. Youtube, US Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit, 1944.

U.S. Army. “WW2 Recruiting.” Military Wives Network, www.militarywives.com/index.php/posters-menu/ww2-recruiting-museum#sigplus_1001-18.

War Department. FM 21-6 List Of Publications For Training, War Dept., 1945.

War Department. TM 11-227 Signal Communication Equipment Directory: Radio Communications Equipment, War Dept., 1944.

Posted in Army Security Agency, military history, NSA, Shortwave, SIGINT, Signal Corps

Hammarlund R-1511/GR Receiver

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Found this interesting receiver at the most recent Meriden, CT Hamfest last October, and since the price was right hauled it home with me.  Why did it catch my eye? For starters, the construction is a dead giveaway that it is a commercial/mil-spec receiver of 1960s or so vintage. Second, the radio had no identifying markings, and no apparent evidence at first glance of being debadged. That is sometimes an identifier of equipment that saw clandestine service in its past life. Third, there was some circuit modules marked as “video converter” which had piqued my curiosity. Finally, if I was a little more awake that morning, I might have recognized the front panel as that of some variant of the Hammarlund SP600 which did see extensive government service. Regardless, it was a mil-spec HF receiver, probably a Black Radio, the price was right, and it was something you normally don’t see at a local hamfest. Once I got home, a Google image search found identical units, and identified it as being an NSA-issue R-1511/GR. Further Google searching discovered that a fellow hobbyist had scanned and uploaded the manual.

From what I discovered online, the R-1511/GR was developed for the National Security Agency in 1968, and was based on the Hammarlund SP600. It saw service until at least the mid 1980s, and based on my research appeared to be part of the AN/GSR-4 Store and Forward Environmental Collection System. With this system, wideband RF spectrum was recorded to magnetic tape for later analysis. While this is an easy task these days for any hobbyist with a PC, free software, and an SDR such as the Lime or HackRF One, the NSA was doing this in the 1960s.

Like a lot of gear at hamfests these days, this receiver was from a silent key’s estate, and its specific history, and that of the silent key, is uncertain. He was possibly in the ASA, NAVSECGRU, or maybe even USAFSS as they would have been the service members familiar with this system.  Did this piece of gear listen to the Soviets, the Chinese, or someplace in Central or South America before retiring to civilian life in some former veteran’s ham shack? We’ll never know, but we can safely guess that it was interesting in a “behind the curtain” manner.

The frequency coverage of this radio goes up to the 6 Meter ham band (50-54 MHz.), and the SP600  is still a good performing receiver by today’s standards. This unit, when not being used for displays, is going to be parked on the center of the 6m beacon subband to monitor and record VHF propagation conditions.

Manual:
http://www.nj7p.org/Manuals/PDFs/Military/TEM-0541-01-0A%201-Jun-68%20NJ7P.pdf